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送交者: 媳妇的衣冠 于 May 22, 2008 12:13:19:
The famous outlaw:被老法耶兹指证串谋杀害媳妇的衣冠禽兽
Outlaw
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For other senses of this word, see outlaw (disambiguation).
Western American outlaw as depicted in the The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)An outlaw or banditti is a person living the lifestyle of outlawry, meaning literally "outside the law".[1] In the common law of England, a judgment declaring someone an outlaw, known as a "Writ of Outlawry", was one of the harshest penalties in the legal system, since the outlaw could not use the legal system to protect himself if needed, such as from mob justice.[2]
Though the judgment of outlawry is now obsolete (even though it inspired the pro forma Outlawries Bill which is still to this day introduced in the British House of Commons during the State Opening of Parliament), romanticised outlaws became stock characters in several fictional settings, particularly in Western movies. Thus, "outlaw" is still commonly used to mean those violating the law[3] or, by extension, those living that lifestyle, whether actual criminals evading the law or those merely opposed to "law-and-order" notions of conformity and authority (such as the "outlaw country" music movement in the 1970s).
Contents [hide]
1 A feature of older legal systems
2 Hobsbawm's Bandits
3 Famous outlaws
3.1 American Western
3.2 American Great Depression
3.3 Argentinian
3.4 Australian
3.5 British
3.6 East Asian
3.7 Irish
3.8 Italian
3.9 Middle Eastern and Indian
3.10 Punjabi
3.11 Tamil
3.12 Canadian
3.13 German
3.14 Norse
3.15 Russian
3.16 Spanish
3.17 Turkish
3.18 New Zealander
3.19 Serbian
3.20 Others
4 See also
5 References
[edit] A feature of older legal systems
In British common law, an outlaw was a person who had defied the laws of the realm, by such acts as ignoring a summons to court, or fleeing instead of appearing to plead when charged with a crime. In the earlier law of Anglo-Saxon England, outlawry was also declared when a person committed a homicide and could not pay the weregild, the blood-money, due to the victim's kin. Outlawry also existed in other legal codes of the time, such as the ancient Norse and Icelandic legal code. These societies did not have any police force or prisons and criminal sentences were therefore restricted to either fines or outlawry.
To be declared an outlaw was to suffer a form of civil or social[4] death. The outlaw was debarred from all civilized society. No one was allowed to give him food, shelter, or any other sort of support to do so was to commit the crime of aiding and abetting, and to be in danger of the ban oneself. An outlaw might be killed with impunity; and it was not only lawful but meritorious to kill a thief flying from justice to do so was not murder. A man who slew a thief was expected to declare the fact without delay, otherwise the dead man’s kindred might clear his name by their oath and require the slayer to pay weregild as for a true man[5] Because the outlaw has defied civil society, that society was quit of any obligations to the outlaw outlaws had no civil rights, could not sue in any court on any cause of action, though they were themselves personally liable.
In the context of criminal law, outlawry faded not so much by legal changes as by the greater population density of the country, which made it harder for wanted fugitives to evade capture; and by the international adoption of extradition pacts. In the civil context, outlawry became obsolescent in civil procedure by reforms that no longer required summoned defendants to appear and plead. Still, the possibility of being declared an outlaw for derelictions of civil duty continued to exist in English law until 1879 and in Scots law until the late 1940s. The Third Reich made extensive use of the concept.[6] Prior to the Nuremberg Trials, the British jurist Lord Chancellor Lord Simon attempted to resurrect the concept of outlawry in order to provide for summary executions of captured Nazi war criminals. Although Simon's point of view was supported by Winston Churchill, American and Soviet attorneys insisted on a trial, and he was thus overruled..
[edit] Hobsbawm's Bandits
The colloquial sense of an outlaw as bandit or brigand is the subject of a colourful monograph by Eric Hobsbawm[7]. According to Hobsbawm
The point about social bandits is that they are peasant outlaws whom the lord and state regard as criminals, but who remain within peasant society, and are considered by their people as heroes, as champions, avengers, fighters for justice, perhaps even leaders of liberation, and in any case as men to be admired, helped and supported. This relation between the ordinary peasant and the rebel, outlaw and robber is what makes social banditry interesting and significant...........Social banditry of this kind is one of the most universal social phenomena known to history.
Hobsbawm's book discusses the bandit as a symbol, and mediated idea, and many of the outlaws he refers to, such as Ned Kelly, Mr. Dick Turpin, and Billy the Kid, are also listed below..
[edit] Famous outlaws
The stereotype owes a great deal to English folklore precedents, in the tales of Robin Hood and of gallant highwaymen. But outlawry was once a term of art in the law, and one of the harshest judgments that could be pronounced on anyone's head.
The outlaw is familiar to contemporary readers as an archetype in Western movies, depicting the lawless expansionism period of the United States in the late 19th century. The Western outlaw is typically a criminal who operates from a base in the wilderness, and opposes, attacks or disrupts the fragile institutions of new settlements. By the time of the Western frontier, many jurisdictions had abolished the process of outlawry, and the term was used in its more popular meaning.
[edit] American Western
See also: List of Western Outlaws
Joaquin Murietta
The Sundance Kid
William Quantrill
Jim Miller
Sam Bass
Kid Curry
Butch Cassidy
Billy the Kid
Jesse James
Cole Younger
Marlow Brothers
Belle Starr
Black Jack
Black Bart
John Daly
Tiburcio Vasquez
Reno Gang
[edit] American Great Depression
John Dillinger
Bonnie and Clyde
Ma Barker
[edit] Argentinian
See also: Rural Bandits
Juan Bautista Bailoretto
Butch Cassidy
Segundo David Peralta
Gaucho Gil
[edit] Australian
Jackson Mullane
Ned Kelly
Martin Cash
Ben Hall
Frank Gardiner
Captain Thunderbolt
Dan Morgan
Jack the Rammer
Mary Ann Bugg
Moondyne Joe
William Westwood aka Jackey Jackey
[edit] British
John Nevison - 17th century highwayman[8]
Dick Turpin - 18th century highwayman
James MacLaine - Scottish highwayman
Tom King - English highwayman
Sawney Beane - Scottish outlaw
Edgar the Outlaw - English king
Robin Hood - Legendary Medieval English outlaw
Eustace Folville - English outlaw and soldier
Adam the Leper - Fourteenth-century English gang-leader
William Wallace - Leader of the Scottish resistance to Edward I.
Rob Roy MacGregor - Scottish Chieftain.
Twm Siôn Cati - Welsh Outlaw from Tregaron in Tudor times, ended up mayor of Brecon
James Hind - 17th century highwayman
John Clavell - English highwayman, author, and lawyer
Claude Duval - French-born highwayman in England
[edit] East Asian
Zhang Xianzhong - nicknamed Yellow Tiger, was a Chinese bandit and rebel leader who conquered Sichuan Province in the middle of the 17th century.
Song Jiang - Historical Chinese outlaw immortalised in the classic Water Margin
Hong Gildong - Historical/legendary Korean outlaw
Ishikawa Goemon - Legendary Japanese thief featured in kabuki plays
Nezumi Kozō - Japanese thief
Wong Fei Hung - Famous Chinese herbalist considered an outlaw hero in Chinese folklore
[edit] Irish
Grace O'Malley
Redmond O'Hanlon
Neesy O'Haughan
Tiger Roche
Captain Gallagher
[edit] Italian
Marco Sciarra - famous Neapolitan brigand chief
Salvatore Giuliano - Sicilian bandit/ separatist
Giuseppe Musolino - Italian outlaw/ folk hero
[edit] Middle Eastern and Indian
Fudayl ibn Iyad - famous highwayman of Khurasan who repented and traveled in search of knowledge. He is revered by Muslims as a major figure of early Sufism.
Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari - rose from a bandit to the rule of much of modern Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan
Nirushan Neela - famous Bandit of southern Asia who was never caught by police. Stopped killing in 1930 and was never heard from again.
[edit] Punjabi
Dulla Bhatti - was a Punjabi who led a rebellion against the Mughal emperor Akbar. His act of helping a poor peasant's daughter to get married led to a famous folk take which is still recited every year on the festival of Lohri by Punjabis.
[edit] Tamil
Veerappan, Poacher, Sandalwood smuggler, India
[edit] Canadian
Simon Gunanoot
Slumach
Allan McLean
Bill Miner
[edit] German
Eppelein von Gailingen
Johannes Bückler, nicknamed Schinderhannes
Lips Tullian
Nickel List
[edit] Norse
Erik the Red
Gísli Súrsson
Grettir Ásmundarson
[edit] Russian
Nightingale the Robber - myth
Yermak Timofeyevich - 16th century Cossack outlaw and explorer
Stenka Razin - Cossack leader
Joseph Stalin - led "fighting squads" in bank robberies to raise funds for the Bolshevik Party.
[edit] Spanish
Perot Rocaguinarda, Catalan bandit
El Tempranillo, Andalusian bandolero
El Pernales, Andalusian bandolero
[edit] Turkish
İnce Memed, a legendary fictional character by Yaşar Kemal
Atçalı Kel Mehmet Efe, an outlaw who led a local revolt against Ottoman Empire
Çakırcalı Mehmet Efe, one of the most powerful outlaws of late Ottoman era
[edit] New Zealander
James Mckenzie Shepherd, drover, sheep rustler [1]
Te Kooti Maori warrior & leader
[edit] Serbian
Jovo Stanisavljevic Caruga, Serb
Joco Udmanic, Serb
[edit] Others
Phoolan Devi
Lampião (Brazil)
Jack the Robber (Roma)
Juraj Jánošík (Slovakia)
Václav Babinský (Czech outlaw)
Johann Georg Grasel (Moravia)
Sobri Jóska (Hungarian highwayman)
Louis Dominique Cartouche (famous French bandit)
Heraclio Bernal (Mexican bandit)
Cercyon (Greek), a bandit killed by Theseus
Kassa Hailu, later Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia
Napoleon by the coalition in Vienna
When the government of the First Spanish Republic was unable to reduce the Cantonalist rebellion centered in Cartagena, Spain, the Cartagena fleet was declared piratic, allowing any nation to prey on it.
Toño Bicicleta (Bicycle Tony), A notorious bicycle-riding Puerto Rican criminal who became an element of local folklore.
Martin Luther was declared an outlaw by the Diet of Worms
Nelson Mandela
Fictional character, Bernard Mickey Wrangle, in Tom_Robbins' book Still Life with Woodpecker, considers himself an outlaw, rather than a criminal.
[edit] See also
Vigilante
Robbery
Robber baron
Pirate
Buccaneer
Highwayman
Hajduk
Uskoks
Brigandage
Outlaw motorcycle club
Social bandits, a term invented by Eric Hobsbawm
Shanlin
Thug
Dacoit
Feud
Mafia
Gangs
Klepht
[edit] References
[2]
^ Black's Law Dictionary at 1255 (4th ed. 1951), citing 22 Viner, Abr. 316.
^ Black's Law Dictionary at 1255 (4th ed. 1951), and citations therein.
^ Black's Law Dictionary at 1255 (4th ed. 1951), citing Oliveros v. Henderson, 116 S.C. 77, 106 S.E. 855, 859.
^ Zygmunt Bauman, "Modernity and Holocaust".
^ F. Pollock and F. W. Maitland, The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I (1895, 2nd. ed., Cambridge, 1898, reprinted 1968).
^ Shirer,"The Third Reich."
^ Bandits, E J Hobsbawm, pelican 1972
^ BBC Inside Out - Highwaymen
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaw"
Categories: Criminal law | Legal history | Outlaws | Outlaws by nationality | Stock characters
被老法耶兹指证串谋杀害媳妇的衣冠禽兽
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