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4. The major events that Zhang Xueliang talked about but were not clear about, such as the suppression of the Mongolian horse thief Babu Zabu, the story of Du Lishan, the leader of the Green Forest in Western Liaoning, the Jiujiang incident, the Ning case, 2. Second Incident, the martyrdom incident of six journalists in Hong Kong, etc.
5. Zhang Xueliang is a mortal rather than a saint, so his oral biography is just like that of an ordinary person - there are many meanings of showing good deeds and concealing faults, and few meanings of correcting mistakes, so we choose to clarify his examples of exalting beauty and concealing evil. For example, he claimed that "a general will never ascend to the highest position." In fact, Zhang Zuolin soon proclaimed himself Grand Marshal of the Army and Navy and assumed the position of head of state; he denied that 9. After the 18th Incident, he called Gu Weijun. The editor cited Gu Weijun's memoirs to confirm that he had indeed called Gu, but he did not accept Gu's suggestion and refused to deal with the Japanese; his favorite general Bai Fengxiang promised that he would "go through fire and water without hesitation", but this man's inner He was an expert in fighting inside and an outsider in fighting outside. Two years later, he was afraid of death and surrendered to the enemy and became a traitor. After returning to China from Europe, Zhang Xueliang declared that "there should be no more internal strife." However, according to the files, he had colluded with the warlords of Guangdong and Guangxi and had been waiting for opportunities. He wanted to attack Chiang Kai-shek from the north and the south.
In addition, due to misunderstanding or unclear articulation in Northeastern dialects, some names of people, places, official positions and idioms are not flawless. They are corrected as follows (the exceptions in Kuogu are incorrect): Guo Jiqiao (international overseas Chinese), Zhang Huichang ( Zhang Huichang), Lu Xiaochen (Li Shizeng), Tang Yiying (Tang Yingxia), Huang Zhongmei (Huang Zhongwei), Kuling (Kuling), Yulin (Yuning), Meierlian (Mei'alian), Dutong (Dutong), Xian Electricity (brilliant electricity), would rather give to friends (prefer to outsiders), be good to those who are good (be above those above), offer aircraft to celebrate birthdays (airplanes offer birthdays), would rather break than bend (would rather break than bend), etc. Errors in the English translation, such as the mistranslation of the embassy attach as admiral, have been corrected one by one.
During the annotation and revision process of this book, I would like to express my gratitude to the famous playwright Mr. Dong Qianli (Xiang Zhuang), the historian Mr. Liu Sheng (Rong Ruo) and other senior figures in the literary world for their generous advice.
The reckless actions on July 1, 2004
that marked the fate of the hero are deeply unforgettable
wa preliminary study of "Zhang Xueliang's Oral Autobiography" with 250 picturesw
Zhang Xueliang is undoubtedly one of the most controversial and bizarre political figures in modern Chinese history. He was born in Quan Yi. In order to avenge the murder of his father by the Japanese warlords, he resolutely surrendered to the central government and raised the national flag with blue sky and white sun and red ground in the three eastern provinces, which promoted the reunification of China. On September 19, 1930, he led a large army to enter the Customs to mediate the Central Plains War, disintegrated the Feng Yan rebels and safeguarded national unity. Therefore, he ascended to the throne of deputy commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army, Army, Navy and Air Force. Set up military camps to control the military and administration of the provinces in Northeast and North China, as if one person is subordinate to him and ten thousand people are superior.
A hero through the ages? Are you a traitor and a traitor?
On December 12, 1936, the Xi'an Incident he launched changed the situation in China and even the entire world. It saved the CCP, which was at the end of its rope, from being encircled by the five-pronged national army and led to the collapse of the Communist Party of China. The government recruited the Red Army so that it could take advantage of the anti-Japanese war to grow and spread across the country. Therefore, the leader of the Communist Party of China, Zhou Enlai, praised him as an "eternal hero", but the people whose families were ruined due to the change of hands in the mainland regarded him as a rebellious official and traitor who brought disaster to the country and the people.
For more than two-thirds of a century, there have been hundreds of biographical works about Zhang Xueliang, and numerous academic treatises on the Xi'an Incident. However, due to the strict curse of "historical research serves politics," most of the above-mentioned works are hearsay, scratches, and reprints. It has been copied and excerpted, and false information has been passed down from generation to generation, so there is nothing good to say.
Confucius said: "The quality of literature is the basis of history." Hu Shi, the standard bearer of Chinese new literature, said: "The most important condition for a biography is a documentary facsimile... The most important thing is to be able to write the true identity, true expression, and true tone of the biography. To make readers feel like they are seeing the real person." To this end, this book collects a large number of first-hand materials, such as eleven audio tapes of Tang Degang's interview with Zhang Xueliang, video of Guo Guanying's interview with Zhang Xueliang, oral historical materials of Zhang Xueliang from Columbia University, and official archives of Liaoning Province. By the 1990s, there were over 300,000 Chinese and foreign media reports and interviews about Zhang Xueliang, as well as his own telegrams, speeches, diaries, miscellaneous memories, reflections, notes, etc., plus 250 photos of Zhang Xueliang and his close relatives spanning a century. The remaining paintings include the portraits of the couple in the Confucius and Song Dynasty Residences, Fenghuang Mountain in Hunan, Xuedou Temple in Fenghua, Longgang Mountain in Guizhou, Kaiyang in Guizhou, Beitou in Taipei, and Inoue Hot Spring in Hsinchu, as well as his interactions with European and American diplomats and Nobel Prize winners Photos of George Bernard Shaw and the Panchen Lama, as well as portraits of Miss Zhao Si from the Mood for Love to the white-haired old woman, are all dazzling, presenting a vivid and real image of Zhang Xueliang to readers and historians from all walks of life, lifelike and ready to be seen.
The real decision-maker of the non-resistance policy.
The greatest benefit of this book to historical research is to clarify who is responsible for the "non-resistance" policy in the war of resistance against Japan. When Zhang Xueliang left China thousands of miles away, he repeatedly emphasized to visiting Chinese and foreign reporters: "I gave the order of non-resistance. The so-called order of non-resistance I gave is not to conflict with them. If he comes to provoke, you leave him and avoid him." Shoot him... Our provocations against Japan at that time - whether it was the Nanjing incident or the Jinan incident, were all big things reduced to trivial matters. I failed to see through Japan. I didnt expect that Japan would dare to do such nonsense. I didnt expect it in advance and the information was not enough. I have to take responsibility! If I had known that Japan was really serious about it, I would have dared to poke holes in the sky. Don't I dare to fight against him? The entire history of September 18th is different from what the outside world says. They blame me, but I don't admit it. My fault is my fault!" So much so that it is known as Tang Degang, the "master of history", suddenly realized: "This is a major reversal of history! We have heard for more than fifty years that it was Chiang Kai-shek who sent you a telegram to prevent you from resisting. So this forged document is very clever!" "Milling electricity" first appeared in "The Continuation of Studies on Zhang Xueliang" compiled by Taiwanese writer Li Ao. This argument continued in the "Study on Chiang Kai-shek" series of books written by Li and "The Critical Biography of Chiang Kai-shek" co-authored by Li and Wang Rongzu. Li Ao originally said that "Xian Dian" was published on August 16, 1931. After repeated excerpts, it has been said to be September 16 or 12. Even famous scholars such as Wu Xiangxiang, Sima Sangdon, and Li Dongfang All have been misled. However, the Beijing-based "Yanhuang Chunqiu" magazine (directly under the Ministry of Culture of the State Council) published in January this year published a long article by Professor Zeng Jingzhong, a senior researcher at the Institute of Modern History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, a think tank of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, completely denying the idea of "milling electricity". exists; Yang Tianshi, another well-known historian at the institute, also admitted that there was no such so-called "milling electricity" in the well-preserved archives of the Republic of China. In his later years, Zhang Xueliang repeatedly denied to Chinese and foreign reporters that he hid the so-called "milled electricity" under his body or had Yu Fengzhi smuggle it abroad for storage. This big lie that had been circulating for more than half a century finally went bankrupt.
Extramarital affairs with eleven noble ladies
Zhang Xueliang's outspokenness can be seen in his frank expression of "eating and drinking men and women". He said: "Man, it's just a piece of paper covering your face. Don't pull the paper away. If you want to pull it away, just expose it." If this is behind the scenes, then thats not necessarily what happened! The famous Neo-Confucian scholar of the Southern Song Dynasty slept with his niece as evidence. He eloquently described to visitors his extramarital affairs with eleven noble ladies when he was young, including Tang Yiying, the first wife of Emperor Dingtong's younger brother Pujie (who was once scolded as a "traitor" by the famous painter Huang Yongyu), Italian Prime Minister Mo Solini's daughter, the sister of Foreign Minister Wang Zhengting, the sister-in-law of Ye Gongchao, the ambassador to the United States, and his own cousin-in-law. In 1991, 90-year-old Zhang Xueliang traveled to New York for several months and stayed in the mansion of the late Bank of China President Pei Zuyi (father of the famous architect I.M. Pei). He went out with couples and had no taboos. He often said publicly that "Mrs. Zhao (fourth) is respectable and Mrs. Bei is cute". He also liked to tell dirty jokes in public. He even wrote a limerick to mock himself, "Since ancient times, heroes have all been lustful. If they are not lustful, they are not heroes; although I am not a heroic man." , but he is also lustful and like a hero!" So that the "respectable person" hated the "lovely person" to the bone after hearing this. Zhang Xueliang's interesting quotations compiled in this book are as follows: "My wife Yu Fengzhi called me a garbage cart (a metaphor for Sheng Leng Buji)", "I have one more thing than Ximen Qing's five essentials for an affair - Pan Donkey and Deng Xiaoxian: I have power!", "Song Meiling is as beautiful as a fairy. I dated him several times.", "Pu Jie is very good to me - I am close to his wife, and he also knows that I am close to his wife.", "Yu Fengzhi is a good adviser to me. I know he likes her, so I specially sent him to go out with her on errands and let them share a room." "If it hadn't been for the Xi'an Incident, I don't know how many girlfriends I would have had." "To New York Living at Mrs. Bei's house was the happiest day in my life." There are also some secrets that are rarely known to the outside world and his inner world: "Japanese spy chief Doihara once lobbied me to ascend the throne and become the emperor of Northeast China", "Literati are maggots, and I despise literati the most. They only flatter horses and try to make a rising tide lift all boats." . His heart seems to be full of contradictions. He can say "I sympathize with the Communist Party. You can say that I am a Communist Party", but at the same time, "Why do you welcome me back to the mainland? A cat is licking the nose of a mouse!" When the Navy Chief of Staff was beaten to death by the Red Guards, he said coldly, "This can only be blamed on his own excitement and irritability."
Editing function to remove falsehoods and preserve authenticity
In view of the fact that Zhang Xueliang was a mortal rather than a saint, his oral biography is just like that of an ordinary person - there are many meanings to show good deeds and less to correct mistakes. Therefore, the editor of this book strictly adheres to an objective and detached position, quotes scriptures, and writes them in the form of comments. Examples of good things and hidden evils will be clarified one by one. For example, he claimed that "a general will never ascend to the highest position." The editor reminded readers in a footnote: If the words are still in my ears, Zhang Zuolin proclaimed himself Grand Marshal of the Army and Navy and assumed the position of head of state; he denied that 9. After the 18th Incident, he called Gu Weijun. The editor quoted "Gu Weijun's Memoirs" to confirm that he had indeed called Gu, but he did not accept Gu's suggestion and refused to deal with the Japanese. This "ostrich policy" caused the situation to take a turn for the worse; he told reporters in Tianjin, " "The deputy commander of the Republic of China dared not bear it." The editor quoted the "Memoirs of Li Zongren" written by Tang Degang, revealing that Chiang Kai-shek generously gave Zhang Xueliang territory in Hebei, Shanxi and other provinces and actual benefits of 6 million overseas, so Zhang Xueliang happily entered the customs to help the war and He took up the post of deputy commander; after returning from a trip to Europe, he declared that "there should be no more civil strife." However, according to files, he had colluded with the warlords in Guangdong and Guangxi, and had been waiting for opportunities to attack the central government from the north to the south.
The advantage of Hong Kong's publications compared to mainland China and Taiwan is that editors of literary and historical books and periodicals often spend a lot of time researching, collecting opinions from everyone, eliminating falsehoods while retaining the true, and re-creating the original works. The editor of this book explains one by one the old events that Zhang Xueliang himself does not understand or remember. For example, Zhang Xueliang did not understand why Lan Tianwei did not attack the Xinmin Mansion to express his anger. The editor used a footnote to explain that Lan Tianwei himself was bound by his subordinates. Solution, his subordinates are leaderless. Zhang Xueliang said to himself, "I am not good at fighting bandits," so he chose to suppress the Communists. The reason was that he heard that Liu and Liu Hei were conducting seven expeditions across the four provinces of Hebei and Shandong, and that Feng Yuxiang, Song Zheyuan, and Han Fu, who had been in battle for a long time, were helpless, so he retreated knowing the difficulty.
The editor's truth-seeking spirit can also be seen in the footnote to Zhang Xueliang's words "Put your own selfish interests and opinions behind": According to memoirs written by Chinese and foreign people, in the spring of 1935, he sent Miao Jianqiu to He went to Japan with a private letter to secretly visit Seiyukai leader Takeji Toji and Army General Juichi Terauchi, and proposed that if the Japanese army stopped in Manchuria and did not advance into North China and Inner Mongolia, he could recognize Manchukuo based on the position statement of the local leaders of Manchuria. Bed Ci and the temple declined the envoy, Miao Jianqiu returned disappointed, and Zhang Xueliang burst into tears upon hearing this. Zhang Xueliang recalled that when his commander Bai Fengxiang was ordered to capture Chiang Kai-shek, he swore that "I would not hesitate to be broken into pieces and go through fire and water." The editor reminded readers in a footnote that this man was an expert at internal fighting and an outsider at fighting outside. Two years later, he surrendered to the enemy because he was afraid of hardship and death. He became a traitor and was eventually poisoned by the Japanese invaders. Zhang Xueliang tried his best to slander Huang Huilan, Gu Weijun's second wife, because of his personal grudge, which caused great damage to the reputation of a noble lady. The editor used a footnote of more than 500 words to explain that Huang Huilan's donation and contribution to China's Anti-Japanese War was well known at that time, but the privacy of the relationship between men and women should not be left to Zhang Xueliang's words.
The powerful figures at the beginning of the last century, such as Zhu Qinglan, Lan Tianwei, Wu Junsheng, Dong Yingbin, Yi Qiao, Ye Chuqian, Zheng Yuxiu, Ye Gongchuo, Yang Guangming, Guo Jiqiao, Wang Jiazhen, etc., have become more and more popular as time goes by. , gradually faded from people's memory. In order to deepen readers' understanding of the general environment of Zhang Xueliang's era, the editor wrote a resume of several hundred words. For example, everyone knows that Soong Meiling was influenced by her sister Ailing's political situation, but most people don't know that Zheng Yuxiu was manipulating Soong Ailing behind the scenes.
The editor lists the full names of people whose names Zhang Xueliang cannot pronounce clearly or intentionally because of his old age, memory loss, or political sensitivity, such as Jiang (Jiang Xianyun), Qi (Qin Hua), Lin (Ning Wu), Mrs. Wang Yaqiao (Jin Shixin), Zheng (Zheng Yuxiu), and my chief of staff (Bao Wenyue, who became a traitor because he fell into the water) all listed their real names. In addition, due to misunderstanding or unclear articulation in Northeastern dialect, some names of people, places, official positions, idioms, and phrases are not flawless. The editor has corrected them one by one, so I will not record them all.
In short, spend 120 yuan to buy an "Oral Autobiography of Zhang Xueliang" with more than 250 illustrations, which tells the story of the tragic journey of putting Zhang Xueliang, deputy commander-in-chief of the army, navy and air force, under house arrest for half a century, and his story. The unforgettable and soul-stirring romance with eleven noble ladies and famous women can be seen at a glance, which is really a bargain. In Zhang Xueliang's own words, "pulling the paper covering his face away" is really a great pleasure for scholars. To be fair, this new book from Xiangjiang Times Publishing House can be regarded as the best of its kind.
(Full text of "Zhang Xueliang's Oral Autobiography" with proofreading and postscript is available at Boxun.com www.peacehall.com)
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